{"id":3731,"date":"2025-02-08T16:13:31","date_gmt":"2025-02-08T11:43:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/?p=3731"},"modified":"2025-02-08T16:13:32","modified_gmt":"2025-02-08T11:43:32","slug":"%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%88%d9%85%d9%8a-%da%98%d8%a8%d9%be%d9%88%d9%87%d9%86%d9%87%d8%9b-%d9%87%d8%b1-%d8%a7%da%93%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%87-%da%85%db%90%da%93%d9%86%d9%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/?p=3731","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647\u061b \u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0632\u06cc<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a. \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647  (General Linguistics)\u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u06ab\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cd\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cd\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0646\u067c\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0648\u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0648.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f1. \u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 (Abstract System) \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u063a\u0696\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0685\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u067e\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f2. \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06d0 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f2.\u06f1. \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u06a9\u0633 <\/strong>Phonetics)<\/strong>) <\/strong>\u063a\u0696\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a\u06a9\u064a \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Articulatory phonetics: \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u06d0\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u062e\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u063a\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acoustic phonetics: \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0641\u0632\u064a\u06a9\u064a \u0628\u06bc\u06d0\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0645\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u06a9\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auditory phonetics: \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0630\u0647\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f2.\u06f2. \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a (<\/strong>Phonology<\/strong>) <\/strong>\u063a\u0696\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 (\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648) \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f2.\u06f3. \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/strong>Morphology)<\/strong>)<\/strong> <\/strong>\u0648\u064a\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u064a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647) \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a (Derivational) \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a (Inflectional) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f2.\u06f4. \u0633\u064a\u0646\u067c\u06a9\u0633 <\/strong>Syntax)<\/strong>)<\/strong> <\/strong>\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u064a\u0646\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0627\u0693\u064a\u06a9\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f2.\u06f5. \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 (<\/strong>Semantics<\/strong>) <\/strong>\u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0685\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f2.\u06f6. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 <\/strong>Pragmatics)<\/strong>) <\/strong>\u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064a\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u06bc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f3. \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0633\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0647. \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a (Panini) \u062f \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062b\u0631 (Astadhyayi) \u0648\u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u062f\u0644. \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u067e\u0647 \u0634\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631 (Ferdinand de Saussure) \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u06a9\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f “Langue” (\u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645) \u0627\u0648 “Parole” (\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627) \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0634\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0686\u0648\u0645\u0633\u06a9\u064a (Noam Chomsky) \u062f “\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u06d0” \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f4. \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f4.\u06f1. \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 (Structural Linguistics)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u067e\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u0693\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f4.\u06f2. \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a-\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 (Transformational-Generative Grammar)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0686\u0648\u0645\u0633\u06a9\u064a \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u06a9\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f4.\u06f3. \u0641\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u0644 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 <\/strong>Functional Linguistics)<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u064a\u0648\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u062f\u064a\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f4.\u06f4. \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a\u06a9\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 <\/strong>Sociolinguistics)<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f5. \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0648\u06d0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0681\u064a\u0646\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u067e\u064a\u0686\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u0627\u0693\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0628: \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u064a\u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0647: \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u062e\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u063a\u0696\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0648\u0628: \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0628: \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0646\u069a\u06d0 (\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0) \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06f6. \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645: \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06a9\u0645\u067e\u064a\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0633: \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0681\u064a\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0647: \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644: \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0627\u0693\u064a\u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06ab\u067c\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0646\u064a\u06a9\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062e\u062a\u06ab \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0627\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0644\u060c \u0689\u06cc\u0648\u06d0\u0689 (\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f8). \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 (\u06f6\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u067e). \u0628\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0686\u0648\u0645\u0633\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0645 (\u06f1\u06f9\u06f6\u06f5). \u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648\u06d0 \u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647. \u062f MIT \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u06d0\u0631\u0689\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 (\u06f1\u06f9\u06f1\u06f6). \u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647. \u062f \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u067c \u0633\u06d0\u0634\u0647\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0. \u0645\u06a9\u200c\u06ab\u0631\u0627-\u0647\u0644 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0632\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0646 (\u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f1). \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647: \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0647. \u06a9\u0645\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u067c\u0631\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u060c \u0622\u0631. \u0627\u0650\u0644. (\u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f9). \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645. \u0631\u0627\u067c\u0644\u06d0\u062c \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0689\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0689 (\u06f1\u06f9\u06f3\u06f3). \u0698\u0628\u0647. \u0647\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u067c \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0647\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0689\u06d0\u060c \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u06d2.\u06a9. (\u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f4). \u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0647 (\u06f2\u0645 \u0686\u0627\u067e). \u0627\u0689\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0689 \u0622\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0689 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0645 (\u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u06f2). \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0646\u06cd \u0628\u06bc\u06d0. \u062f \u067e\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0646\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u061b \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u067c\u061b \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0646\u06d0\u0646\u0627 (\u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f7). \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0647 (\u06f1\u06f1\u0645 \u0686\u0627\u067e). \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u062c \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u0632 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u067e\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u060c \u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0648\u0646 (\u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f4). \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u063a\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0647: \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u061f. \u0647\u0627\u0631\u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0632 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a. \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647  (General Linguistics)\u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u06ab\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cd\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cd\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0646\u067c\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3732,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard"},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_override_bookmark_settings":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_review":[],"enable_review":"","type":"","name":"","summary":"","brand":"","sku":"","good":[],"bad":[],"score_override":"","override_value":"","rating":[],"price":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,44],"tags":[1996,25,1997,65],"class_list":["post-3731","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-124","category-44","tag-1996","tag-25","tag-1997","tag-65"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3731"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3731"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3731\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3733,"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3731\/revisions\/3733"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3732"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3731"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3731"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pohawaimedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3731"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}